corporate-diplomacy

The chapter examines the evolution and challenges of Soviet-American relations during the 1970s through the lens of citizen diplomacy, particularly highlighting the Dartmouth conferences' efforts to foster cooperation on trade, scientific collaboration, and Middle East peace. It explores Norman Cousins' role in bridging cultural and ideological divides by facilitating informal exchanges and emphasizing the importance of human agency, humor, and resilience in overcoming mistrust and pessimism. The chapter also underscores the symbolic significance of corporate diplomacy, exemplified by Armand Hammer's engagement with Soviet leadership, illustrating the multifaceted nature of citizen diplomacy beyond official government channels.

The chapter explores the multifaceted role of citizen diplomats in Soviet-American relations, focusing on unconventional peace-building efforts by figures like Jim Hickman and the complex persona of Armand Hammer. It details Hammer's immigrant family background, his father's socialist and communist activism, and Armand's early business ventures, including his controversial 1921 Soviet trip, highlighting the interplay of idealism, self-interest, and political ambiguity in his diplomatic and entrepreneurial activities. The narrative underscores the contradictions and suspicions surrounding Hammer's loyalties and motivations amid Cold War dynamics.