human-migration

This chapter traces the evolutionary and cultural origins of globalization, beginning with early human migrations out of Africa and culminating in the development of key technological innovations such as writing, the wheel, and domestication of animals. It emphasizes the gradual but accelerating human capacity for exploration, communication, and tool-making that laid the foundation for interconnected civilizations and the first global phase of human history. The chapter also highlights the dynamic interplay between human adaptation and environmental changes over millennia.