in-itself

This chapter explores the fundamental structures of consciousness, particularly the nature of the for-itself (consciousness) as distinct from the in-itself (being). Sartre critiques previous philosophers like Descartes, Husserl, and Heidegger for their limitations in addressing consciousness and emphasizes the prereflective cogito as the starting point for understanding consciousness's self-presence. He articulates consciousness as inherently non-coincident with itself, characterized by a duality where consciousness is always consciousness of itself, creating a dynamic tension between identity and difference that cannot be reduced to infinite regress or pure unity.

This chapter explores the ontological relationship between the for-itself (consciousness) and the in-itself (being of phenomena), rejecting both realist and idealist solutions. Sartre argues that knowledge is an intuitive presence of consciousness to being, fundamentally grounded in the for-itself's original negation that constitutes its relation to the in-itself. The chapter clarifies that knowledge is not a property or activity but the very mode of being of the for-itself as it negates specific beings to constitute itself.

This chapter explores the concrete relations between the for-itself and the Other, emphasizing how the body situates these relations and how the for-itself is defined by its negation of the in-itself. Sartre discusses the dialectic of freedom and objectification that arises in the presence of the Other, highlighting two fundamental attitudes: attempting to assimilate the Other's freedom or transcending it. The chapter concludes by framing these relations as inherently conflictual and circular, with the Other's gaze both possessing and revealing the being-for-the-Other.

This chapter explores the ontological relationship between the for-itself (consciousness) and the in-itself (being), emphasizing that possession of objects is fundamentally a desire to possess the being of the world through particular objects. Sartre argues that the for-itself's freedom is the choice to be, either directly or through appropriation of the world, and that qualities of objects symbolize specific ways in which being is disclosed, linking individual tastes to existential choices. The chapter also introduces the idea of existential psychoanalysis as a method to uncover the ontological meaning behind individual projects, tastes, and the symbolic significance of material qualities.