instrumental-thought

This chapter discusses Margaret Mead's critique of the instrumental approach in social science and planning, emphasizing the conflict between manipulating people to achieve predefined goals and respecting individual moral autonomy in democratic societies. Bateson highlights the need to shift from viewing means and ends as separate to recognizing the value inherent in actions themselves, advocating for a new habit of thought that transcends traditional instrumentalism. The chapter also explores how social learning shapes these habits of thought and warns of the dangers of social manipulation that ignores the complex learning and adaptive capacities of individuals.