← Back to Concept Indexracial-disparities
The report identifies severe social and economic disadvantages faced by African Americans compared to whites, including higher unemployment, poorer housing, and lower income.
Written by the Tronix Library
2 chapters across 1 book
Part I What Happened? Chapter 1 — Profiles of Disorder The report contains profiles of a selection of the disorders that took place during the summer of 1967. These profiles are designed to indicate how the disorders happened, who par- ticipated in them, and how local officials, police forces, and the National Guard responded. Illustrative excerpts follow: NEWARK ... It was decided to attempt to channel the energies of the people into a nonviolent protest. While Lofton promised the crowd that a full investigation would be made of the Smith incident, the other Negro leaders began urging those on the scene to form a line of march toward the city hall. Some persons joined the line of march. Others milled about in the narrow street. From the dark grounds of the housing project came a barrage of rocks. Some of them fell among the crowd. Others hit persons in the line of march. Many smashed the windows of the police station. The rock throwing, it was believed, was the work of youngsters; approximately 2,500 chil- dren lived in the housing project. Almost at the same time, an old car was set afire in a parking lot. The line of march began to disintegrate. The police, their heads protected by World War I-type helmets, sallied forth to disperse the crowd. A fire engine, arriving on the scene, was pelted with rocks. As police drove people away from the station, they scattered in all directions. A few minutes later a nearby liquor store was broken into. Some persons, seeing a caravan of cabs appear at city hall to protest Smith's arrest, interpreted this as evidence that the dis- turbance had been organized, and generated rumors to that effect. However, only a few stores were looted. Within a short period of time, the disorder appeared to have run its course. »•»'•* ... On Saturday, July 15, [Director of Police Dominick] Spina received a report of snipers in a housing project. When he arrived he saw approximately 100 National Guardsmen and police offi- cers crouching behind vehicles, hiding in corners and lying on the ground around the edge of the courtyard. Since everything appeared quiet and it was broad daylight, Spina walked directly down the middle of the street. Nothing happened. As he came to the last building of the complex, he heard a shot. All around him the troopers jumped, believing themselves to be under sniper fire. A moment later a young Guardsman ran from behind a building. The Director of Police went over and asked him if he had fired the shot. The soldier said yes, he had fired to scare a man away from a window; that his orders were to keep everyone away from windows. 3The chapter provides detailed profiles of the 1967 urban disorders, emphasizing that the riots involved predominantly African Americans targeting symbols of white authority rather than individuals, with violence escalating from initial nonviolent protests to rock-throwing, arson, and looting. It highlights the complex buildup of social and economic grievances over time, the dynamics of escalation and law enforcement responses, and the limited effectiveness of post-riot interventions in addressing the underlying racial and economic disparities.
Chapter 2 / Patterns o£ Disorder* INTRODUCTION The President asked the… (pages 199–203)The chapter examines the participation patterns in civil disorders across multiple U.S. cities, utilizing rigorous probability sampling and survey methodologies to analyze demographic, socioeconomic, and regional factors influencing involvement. It highlights significant racial disparities, particularly the overrepresentation of Negroes among arrestees, and explores how family structure, education, employment status, and perceptions of discrimination shape riot participation and attitudes. The study also acknowledges the limitations and biases inherent in arrest data and eyewitness accounts, emphasizing careful interpretation of findings.