revisionist-marxism

The chapter introduces the intellectual history of twentieth-century revolutionary ideologies, focusing on the evolution of Marxism into Leninism and Italian Fascism, and their shared totalitarian outcomes. It critiques the oversimplified post-World War II narratives that reduced fascism to mere barbarism and communism to a hopeful socialist alternative, emphasizing the complex ideological revisions and debates that shaped these movements. The chapter also highlights the intellectual struggles to reconcile Marxist materialism with questions of human agency, biology, and determinism, which contributed to the development of revolutionary radicalism and totalitarianism.