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Chapter 2, "Born to Woe: The Century," presents a dense compilation of references illustrating the social, religious, and political turmoil of the 14th century. It highlights widespread corruption and moral decay within the clergy, the impact of the Black Death, and the tensions between secular and ecclesiastical powers, including accusations against the Templars and the strained relations involving figures such as Pope John XXII and King Philip VI. The chapter underscores the era's pervasive suffering and institutional failures that shaped the century's historical landscape.

Chapter 14, "England's Turmoil," examines the political and social instability in England during the late 14th century, drawing heavily on primary sources like Thomas Walsingham's Chronicon Angliae and various secondary historians. It highlights the challenges faced by the English crown, including weak leadership, social unrest, clerical corruption, and the influence of key figures such as Coucy and Isabella. The chapter also discusses the impact of parliamentary actions, diplomatic missions, and the broader European context on England's internal affairs.

The chapter examines Pope Julius II's papacy, characterized by autocratic rule and grand artistic and military ambitions that prioritized temporal power over spiritual reform. Despite convening the Fifth Lateran Council to address widespread clerical corruption and institutional decay, the Council ultimately failed to enact meaningful change, revealing the moral compromises and political struggles inherent in Julius's pursuit of papal authority. The chapter concludes with Erasmus's satirical critique of Julius II, highlighting the tension between his temporal achievements and the neglect of the Church's spiritual mission.